Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

Abstract

The success of the open-source statistical software “R” has made a significant impact on the teaching and research of statistics in the last decade. Analysing data is now easier and more affordable than ever, but choosing the most appropriate sta- tistical methods remains a challenge for many users. To understand and interpret software output, it is necessary to engage with the fundamentals of statistics. However, many readers do not feel comfortable with complicated mathematics. In this book, we attempt to find a healthy balance between explaining statistical concepts comprehensively and showing their application and interpretation using R. This book will benefit beginners and self-learners from various backgrounds as we complement each chapter with various exercises and detailed and comprehen- sible solutions. The results involving mathematics and rigorous proofs are separated from the main text, where possible, and are kept in an appendix for interested readers. Our textbook covers material that is generally taught in introductory-level statistics courses to students from various backgrounds, including sociology, biology, economics, psychology, medicine, and others. Most often, we introduce the statistical concepts using examples and illustrate the calculations both manually and using R.