| Title: | Petroleum Geoscience |
| Other Titles: | From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics |
| Authors: | Bjørlykke, Knut |
| Keywords: | Physics Geoscience |
| Issue Date: | 2015 |
| Publisher: | Springer |
| Abstract: | The second edition of Petroleum Geoscience is an updated and corrected version of the first edition from 2010 and there are also four new chapters. Petroleum geology and geophysics are not well-defined academic subjects. They include many different aspects of the Earth sciences which are used in petroleum exploration and production. Nearly all types of insight can in some cases be useful in petroleum exploration and production, but there are some disciplines that are most relevant. Since petroleum is formed and for the most part hosted in sedimentary rocks, sedimen- tology is critical. Palaeontology is important for dating rocks, and carbonate reservoirs may consist mostly of fossils. Structural geology and basin analysis are also vital for reconstructing the migration and trapping of petroleum. Geo- chemistry and petroleum chemistry are also important. About 50% of the geos- cientists in the petroleum industry are involved with production rather than exploration and we have added a chapter on reservoir modelling written by experts from Statoil Norway. Geophysical methods are essential for logging and seismic exploration, and recently electromagnetic methods have also been more commonly used in explora- tion and production. This is covered in a new chapter. We have also added a chapter on CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). The chapter on well logging has been rewritten and is now more comprehensive. Most universities do not offer specific courses in petroleum geology/geophysics and only a few have Masters or PhD programmes in this field. Oil companies therefore recruit many geologists with little training in these subjects. In this book, we have tried to give a basic introduction to disciplines relevant to petroleum exploration and we have also included some aspects of petroleum produc- tion and modelling. |
| Description: | In this textbook, we have tried to bridge the gap that often seems to exist between geophysical and geological disciplines and there is also an emphasis on sediment compaction, fluid flow and rock physics. The skills required for a petroleum geolo- gist have changed greatly over the years. Traditionally the main task was to identify reservoir rocks, structures with closure and the proximity of a mature source rock. We are running out of “the easy to find” and “easy to produce” oil and gas, and exploration and production technology is becoming more advanced. It is now possible to produce oil and gas from source rocks (shales) and not only what has migrated into a reservoir rock. This has increased the world’s petroleum reserves very significantly in recent years. In North America, shale gas and shale oil produc- tion has increased and has lowered the gas price also internationally. Production of unconventional oil (tar sand, oil shale) and also tight gas reservoirs and gas shale requires a stronger background in mineralogy, chemistry and physics. The geophysical methods have become increasingly sophisticated and it is now often possible to detect the presence of gas and oil prior to drilling based on seismic data. Electromagnetic methods that were primarily used in mineral prospecting are also used to find oil. As conventional oil is becoming more scarce, more geologists are becoming involved with exploration and production of heavy oil, oil shales and shale gas. Utilization of these resources may be environmentally more problematic than conventional oil and gas and tends to cause increased CO 2 emission during production. This requires a stronger background in the chemistry and physics of petroleum and also in mineralogy and rock mechanics (rock physics). Physical and chemical modelling is also very important. Even if alternative sources of energy are being developed, the world will require fossil fuels for several decades. It is a great challenge to limit the environmental consequences of the production and use of fossil energy. Until sufficient low-cost renewable energy is available, geoscientists can contrib- ute to efficient exploration and production of oil and gas, reducing pollution and CO 2 emissions as much as possible. They may also engage in developing carbon storage. Much of the theoretical basis is the same for environmental geology and petro- leum geology. |
| URI: | http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/206 |
| ISBN: | 978-3-642-34132-8 |
| Appears in Collections: | ARTS & SCIENCE |
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015_Book_PetroleumGeoscience.pdf | 40.18 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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